
From the silent era to the Bollywood boom and flowering Indian regional cinema in the 1970s, India and Germany have had a fascinating cross-cultural connection and mutual influence. TIFF Cinematheque's exquisite
Indian Expressionism, guest curated by Mumbai-based Meenakshi Shedde, who works for Berlin and Oberhausen film festivals and many more, offers an intriguing look at this fusion of two great cinematic traditions. Meenakshi was nice enough to talk to us during her Toronto stay:
Jutta Brendemühl: I often notice cultural affinities between Germany and India: strong romantic traditions, Brechtian techniques, stark drama... How did this early 20th century connection between Mumbai and Berlin's vibrant UfA Studios come about?
Meenakshi Shedde: There are rich, fascinating cinematic links between the German and Indian cinemas over a century. In "Indian Expressionism", I explore the Indian fantasies of German cinema as with UFA's
The Indian Tomb/The Tiger of Eschnapur directed by Joe May of 1921, as well as Fritz Lang's
The Tiger of Eschnapur/The Indian Tomb of 1959. I explore
active Indo-German coproductions including
Light of Asia, directed by German director Franz Osten, produced by Himansu Rai of Indian Players, a coproduction between Great Eastern Films of India and Emelka Films of Munich in 1925. I also examine the influence of German cinema, particularly German Expressionism, on Indian cinema, through films like Kamal Amrohi's
Mahal in Hindi, an atmospheric noir reincarnation love story shot by German cinematographer Josef Wirsching.
In the 1920s German cinema saw itself as a major competitior to Hollywood, with the UFA Studios at the heart of this.
Their strategy was to look for stories with epic themes and spectacle, that's how the Oriental fantasies set in India came about. Joe May's film was one of the biggest successes of UFA's silent films of the Weimar era.
Later with Light of Asia, the Germans were able to do what Hollywood couldn't or wouldn't: have active creative and financial collaborations with India, whereas most Hollywood studios rarely ventured out of their backlots when creating visions of faraway lands.
Himansu Rai, who produced Light of Asia, went to Germany to study sound technology when they were shooting The Blue Angel. He was very influenced by German cinema, its meticulously lit mise-en-scene, expressionistic performances, and he absorbed it into the style of his Bombay Talkies, a big studio he set up in Bombay in 1934. Franz Osten and his technical crew became part of Rai's Bombay Talkies, and
Osten directed 14 films in Hindi that were very popular.
I am fascinated by that fact that in the silent era of the 1920s, Indo-German international coproductions had a genuinely wide international audience throughout Europe, including Germany, UK, East Europe, even Japan, whereas today‘s Indian films are rarely theatrically released overseas beyond the “NRI” non-resident Indian market ((editor’s note: Indian citizens abroad)).
So they had achieved more globally in the 1920s than we have in 2012. That's why I'm looking backwards to look forwards--to seek pointers to the future.
JB: One of the highlights in your program is Sternberg's raunchy 1930
Blue Angel with the about-to-become-superstar Marlene Dietrich and Oscar winner Emil Jannings-- and the 70s Indianized dance remake. Tell us a bit about that duality.
MS: I wouldnt call Sternberg's
The Blue Angel raunchy at all--raunchy by German standards perhaps, but it's pretty "pheeka" (mild) by Indian standards--like teabag tea rather than masala chai!
V. Shantaram, a magnificent director, social reformer in film and technical pioneer --he won the Berlin Film Festival's Silver Bear for Two Eyes Twelve Hands around 1958-- had gone to Germany to print India's first colour film
Sairandhri in 1933. He had made lumbering religious mythological films till then, but after his German visit, both his style and content changed significantly. He remade Sternberg's
The Blue Angel many decades later as
Pinjra (Cage), in 1972, a Marathi tamasha dance version of the original.
It is much raunchier I would say than The Blue Angel, and the lavani dances are rather sensuous and erotic.
But although Shantaram retained the core story of The Blue Angel, he significantly Indianised it, and the cross-cultural resonances make for a fascinating study. The Blue Angel was a bourgeois horror story with an upright professor whose life is progressively debased after he falls in love with a nightclub singer. But in
Pinjra, Shantaram consistently valourises the prostitute through religion and literature. He has an erotic ensemble song and dance in a river, with the lyrics referring to Lord Krishna flirting with girls and stealing their clothes while they bathe --so he brings religion to validate the prostitute's viewpoint.
The film is an extremely melodramatic version of Sternberg's version, and very long. I was absolutely delighted that not only did the film have a good audience at TIFF Bell Lightbox, but they stayed back to ask questions and share their admiring views on the film--
I was very touched that Shantaram would touch a chord in Canada, decades after he made the film. That clearly establishes that he is a greatly overlooked world class director.
JB: I remember seeing Lang's
Tiger of Eschnapur on German TV as a child and it has left a strong visual impression on me to this day. At the time I didn't know that the film was made entirely with Western actors. What attracted the German filmmakers and cinematographers to the Indian aesthetic? Was it merely the now politically incorrect fantasies of exoticism and imperialism of the time, or was there an honest interest in and fascination with Indian aesthetics or traditions somewhere? Franz Osten directed over a dozen Hindi films, as you mentioned.
MS: For Lang,
the Tiger of Eschnapur/The Indian Tomb was a kind of last hurrah. Although best known for his German films, including
Metropolis, M and others, he had a 20-odd year career in Hollywood after escaping the Nazis. He returned to Germany and this was the second last film he made before he died. He got a big buget and Western cast to shoot the film on location in India. But
he had been itching to make this film for nearly 40 years. In 1921, Lang had been assigned to collaborate with Thea von Harbou on her screenplay, and had hoped to direct the epic himself. However, the studios were not confident about his directing abilities given his track record at the time, and Joe May directed the film instead. But the plot stewed in Lang's head, and he finally made it. You see the masterly craftsmanship and mise-en-scene of the film, but I also see it as a full on
Gollywood film--a German Bollywood masala film, way back in 1959! It is an explosive cocktail of romance, adventure, action, erotica, exotica, and is hugely entertaining! It is also bloody racist. I don't think Lang meant it to be so, but as an Indian I find it also pretty appalling. Indians are shown to be lusty, vengeful, unreliable skunks, and badly in need of Westerners to save us---from ourselves! There is an outrageous scene with Debra Paget doing a near-naked erotic dance with a snake in a temple, on the orders of "Hindou" priests, meant to test if the common dancer the maharaja wants to marry is Queen-material. The heroine prays to the sculpture of a goddess with enormous boobs and calls her Shiva (a male Indian God), and approvingly calls her a "good goddess" for granting boons. It's like if someone was to call Jesus Christ a "good woman".
Appalling, given that other Western directors were looking at India with more empathy than just a postcard scenery for their fantasies, and Indian directors had accomplished much globally. In 1951 Jean Renoir made
The River in India that was much more realistic about India. In 1959 Roberto Rossellini made
India: Matri Bhumi in India. 1958 Mehboob Khan's
Mother India won an Oscar nomination for best foreign language film, and V. Shantaram won the Silver Bear in Berlin. So it's hard to understand why Lang didn't move beyond the Orientalist exotica of the 1920s.
It set the template for later adventure fantasies like the Indiana Jones series, though.
JB: And today? Are there any traces left of this mutual love affair, is there any exchange and cross-pollination going on?
MS: Today the world is looking to India, and particulary her big market with her 1 billion population. The story has sort of come full circle, as the Berlin-Brandenburg Film Commission invested in an Indo-German co-production of Don 2 with Shah Rukh Khan, which showed at the Berlin Film Festival, it is a sign of renewed, but more respectful relationship with India, a little more as equals than saviours.
Jutta Brendemühl: ...Don 2, which was partly shot in Berlin with Shah Rukh, to the delight of his many fans there, among other things with the megastar suspended from the Park Inn Hotel on Alexanderplatz, which the staff wouldn't stop telling me about...
JB: Which film is the sleeper hit of the series?
MS: Fritz Lang's
The Tiger of Eschnapur/The Indian Tomb is wildly entertaining, but
Kamal Amrohi's Mahal (Palace in Hindi), a gorgeously shot atmospheric reincarnation love story shot by Josef Wirsching for Bombay Talkies, is a marvellous film.
JB: What is your next engagement with Germany and German film?
MS: I've been India Consultant for the Berlin Film Festival for nearly 15 years now. It is a privilege to work with such professionals with such a genuine interest and empathy for Indian cinema: for nearly 15 years their Indian programmer Dorothee Wenner has been coming to India every year to seek out the best films.
Indian filmmakers have got a great platform at the Berlinale, for features, documentaries and shorts.
Meenakshi Shedde is an independent film curator, critic, director and journalist as well as India Consultant to the Berlin and Dubai Film Festivals. Winner of the National Award for Best Film Critic, she has been on numerous international juries on almost every continent, including the FIPRESCI International Critics’ Jury at Cannes, Berlin, Venice and Oberhausen Film Festivals, as well as the NETPAC Asian Jury of the Berlin Film Festival and Up-and-Coming International Film Festival Hannover, Germany. She has directed the short film
Looking for Amitabh and line-produced five documentaries for Arte/independent directors worldwide shot in India, including Uli Gaulke’s German documentary
Comrades in Dreams (Leinwandfieber, Arte).
Meenakshi studied German at the Goethe-Institut Mannheim.
Namaste!
P.S. Just announced: India will be the guest country at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, coincidíng with Indian cinema's 100th anniversary celebration.
by Jutta Brendemühl, Goethe-Institut Toronto